Tag: Ghezel Hesar prison

Iran Court Issues New Verdicts in Ekbatan Case After Supreme Court Overturns Death Sentences

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Freedom of Expression, News, Prisoners
Alireza Bormarz Pournak, Alireza Kafaei, and Amir Mohammad Khosh-Eghbal, Ekbatan town, Ghezel Hesar prison, Hossein Nemati, HRANA, Milad Armoun, Navid Najaran

HRANA – Branch 13 of Tehran Province Criminal Court One has issued new verdicts for six defendants in the case known as “Ekbatan Town.” According to the ruling, Milad Armoun, Alireza Kafaei, and Amir Mohammad Khosh-Eghbal were each sentenced to imprisonment and payment of diyah (blood money) on charges of participation in murder. Navid Najaran, Hossein Nemati, and Alireza Barmarz Pournak were acquitted of the same charge. Their death sentences had previously been overturned by the Supreme Court.

According to HRANA, new verdicts have been issued for the defendants in the so-called “Ekbatan Town” case by Branch 13 of Tehran Province Criminal Court One.

Under the issued ruling, Milad Armoun, Alireza Kafaei, and Amir Mohammad Khosh-Eghbal were each sentenced to five years in prison and payment of an equal share of the full diyah for one person after being convicted of participation in intentional murder. Meanwhile, the three other defendants in the case, Alireza Barmarz Pournak, Hossein Nemati, and Navid Najaran, were acquitted of participation in intentional murder due to lack of evidence proving they inflicted blows on a specific part of Arman Aliverdi’s body.

The verdict was issued on February 4, 2025, and was formally communicated to the defendants’ lawyers yesterday.

In November 2024, these individuals had each been sentenced to death by Branch 13 of Tehran Criminal Court. In September 2025, the Supreme Court overturned the death sentences and referred the case back to Branch 13 for retrial. Ultimately, on December 3 of that year, a new hearing was held in the same branch.

The case involving Milad Armoun, Seyed Mohammad Mehdi Hosseini, Mehdi Imani, and Navid Najjaran, designated as confidential, had been returned in late April 2024 from Branch 13 of Tehran Province Criminal Court One to Branch Four of the Prosecutor’s Office for Criminal Affairs in Tehran’s District 27 to address deficiencies and objections in the case. In early September that year, after the deficiencies were addressed, the case was referred back to Branch 13 of Tehran Criminal Court One and Branch 15 of Tehran Revolutionary Court, presided over by Judge Abolqasem Salavati.

Four of the defendants , Nemati, Barmarz Pournak, Kafaei, and Khosh-Eghbal, were released from Ghezel Hesar Prison on bail in February 2024.

In late October 2023, after four court sessions were held, the court did not return the case to the prosecutor’s office for further investigation. Instead, Branch 13 of Tehran Criminal Court One intervened to conduct supplementary investigations, expedite proceedings, and determine the defendants’ status. Another part of the case was referred to Branch 15 of Tehran Revolutionary Court.

In May 2023, the spokesperson for Iran’s Judiciary announced that three defendants in the “murder of Arman Aliverdi” case had been charged with “enmity against God (moharebeh) through the use of cold weapons and acting against national security.” According to the indictment, these individuals were charged with “moharebeh,” “participation in intentional murder,” and “disrupting public order and peace.”

Previously, an informed source had told HRANA regarding the “Ekbatan Town” case: “The case has been divided into two sections. One section was referred to Branch 15 of Tehran Revolutionary Court, presided over by Judge Abolqasem Salavati, and the other to Branch 13 of Tehran Criminal Court One. So far, no verdict has been issued for those defendants whose cases in the Revolutionary Court involve security-related charges and moharebeh.”

In early November 2022, during nationwide protests and following the killing of a Basij member named Arman Aliverdi in Ekbatan Town, at least 50 young residents of the area were arrested by security and law enforcement forces. Indictments were ultimately issued against 14 of them.

January 2026 Protests; Mohammad Abbasi Executed in Ghezel Hesar Prison in Karaj

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Executions, News
Ghezel Hesar prison, HRANA, Mohammad Abbasi, محمد عباسی

HRANA – Mohammad Abbasi, one of those arrested during the nationwide protests of January 2026 and held in Ghezel Hesar Prison in Karaj, was executed at dawn today. Mr. Abbasi had been arrested during the January 2026 nationwide protests, and his death sentence had recently been upheld by the Supreme Court.

According to HRANA, another protester detained during the 2026 nationwide protests was executed at dawn today, May 13, 2026.

A source informed on condition of anonymity and close to the family of this political prisoner told HRANA: “Officials at Ghezel Hesar Prison in Karaj asked Mohammad Abbasi’s family to come to the prison for a visit. However, after the family arrived, they were denied the opportunity to see him. After the Abbasi family left the prison, they were informed by phone that Mohammad Abbasi’s execution had been carried out.”

HRANA had previously reported on April 27, 2026, that Branch 39 of the Supreme Court had upheld Mohammad Abbasi’s death sentence after rejecting his appeal. In the same case, the 25-year prison sentence of his daughter, Fatemeh Abbasi, who is currently imprisoned in the women’s ward of Evin Prison, was also fully upheld by the Supreme Court.

Mohammad Abbasi had been arrested during the January 2026 nationwide protests in connection with the case involving the killing of Lieutenant Colonel Shahin Dehghani Kakavandi in Malard. Following judicial proceedings, he was sentenced to death by Branch 15 of the Tehran Revolutionary Court, presided over by Judge Abolghasem Salavati, on the charge of “enmity against God” (moharebeh).

After the initial verdict was issued, Ali Sharifzadeh Ardakani, an attorney-at-law, stated in an interview with Emtedad that the cases of Mohammad Abbasi and his daughter Fatemeh Abbasi had been referred to Branch 39 of the Supreme Court following an appeal by a court-appointed lawyer. He also said that Branch 39 of the Supreme Court, citing Note to Article 48 of the Criminal Procedure Code, had prevented him and another independent lawyer from representing the defendants in the case.

The Emtedad report further stated that there were numerous ambiguities and concerns regarding both the judicial process and the contents of the case against the two defendants. However, independent lawyers had been unable to effectively review or pursue the matter due to being denied access to the case file.

According to data collected by HRANA, simultaneous with the outbreak of military clashes, the issuance and implementation of death sentences in political and security-related cases have intensified. Including Mohammad Abbasi, at least 32 prisoners facing such charges have been executed during this period.

Erfan Shakourzadeh, Aerospace Engineering Student, Executed on Charges of “Espionage”

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Executions, News
Erfan Shakourzadeh, Ghezel Hesar prison, عرفان شکورزاده

HRANA – The Judiciary’s media center announced the execution of Erfan Shakourzadeh, a master’s student in aerospace engineering. Mr. Shakourzadeh had previously been sentenced to death on charges of “intelligence cooperation with Mossad and the CIA.”

Mizan announced this morning that Erfan Shakourzadeh, who had been active in a scientific organization working in the satellite field, was accused of establishing contact with individuals affiliated with Mossad and CIA through platforms such as email, LinkedIn, and WhatsApp.

The report claims that he provided these entities with information regarding the location of his workplace, ongoing projects, and certain details related to the organization where he worked, and in return received payments in cryptocurrency. The Judiciary’s media outlet also alleged that he had sought to establish contact with the CIA in order to obtain a visa and continue his studies abroad.

The judiciary also released a video of what it described as forced confessions attributed to Erfan Shakourzadeh. In the video, which was reportedly recorded under unclear circumstances, he says that CIA and Mossad agents attempted to recruit individuals by promoting the idea that there was “no future or progress in Iran” and by raising topics such as the “futility of studying and working in the country.”

The report did not specify the prison where Mr. Shakourzadeh’s execution was carried out. However, it had previously been reported that he was transferred from Evin Prison to Ghezel Hesar Prison for the implementation of the death sentence.

Erfan Shakourzadeh, approximately 29 years old, was a master’s student in aerospace engineering and satellite technology at Iran University of Science and Technology.

Death Sentence of Mohammad Abbasi, 25-Year Term for Daughter Upheld by Supreme Court

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Executions, Freedom of Expression, News
Ali Sharifzadeh Ardakani, Evin Prison, Fatemeh Abbasi, Ghezel Hesar prison, HRANA, Mohammad Abbasi

HRANA – The death sentence of Mohammad Abbasi, who was arrested during the January 2026 protests and is currently held in Ghezel Hesar Prison, has been upheld by Branch 39 of the Supreme Court. In addition, the Supreme Court has fully upheld the 25-year prison sentence of his daughter, Fatemeh Abbasi, who is detained in the women’s ward of Evin Prison.

Based on information received by HRANA, Branch 39 of the Supreme Court rejected the appeal and upheld Mohammad Abbasi’s death sentence.
Likewise, the 25-year prison sentence of Fatemeh Abbasi was fully confirmed by the same branch.
Currently, Mr. Abbasi is being held in Ghezel Hesar Prison, while his daughter Fatemeh Abbasi remains in the women’s ward of Evin Prison.

These individuals were arrested during the nationwide protests of January 2026 in connection with the case involving the killing of Second Lieutenant Shahin Dehghani Kakavandi in Malard. Following initial trial proceedings, Mr. Abbasi was sentenced to death on charges of moharebeh (enmity against God) by Branch 15 of the Tehran Revolutionary Court, presided over by Judge Abolghasem Salavati. His daughter, Fatemeh Abbasi, was also sentenced by the same branch to 25 years in prison.

After the initial verdict was issued, Ali Sharifzadeh Ardakani, an attorney, stated in an interview with Emtedad that the case had been referred to Branch 39 of the Supreme Court following an appeal by court-appointed counsel. He further noted that “Branch 39 of the Supreme Court, citing Note to Article 48 of the Criminal Procedure Code, prevented him and another colleague from representing the case.” The report by Emtedad added that there are numerous ambiguities surrounding the case of these two defendants, but independent lawyers have been unable to review the case due to lack of access.

Report on the Latest Status of Soheil Arabi in Ghezel Hesar Prison, Karaj

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News, Prisoners
Ghezel Hesar prison, HRANA, Karaj, Soheil Arabi, سهیل عربی

HRANA – Soheil Arabi, a political defendant imprisoned in Ghezel Hesar Prison in Karaj, is still being held in a state of uncertainty in this prison. He was recently summoned to attend an interrogation session after receiving an official notice.

An informed source close to Arabi’s family confirmed the news to HRANA, stating: “Mr. Arabi has been held in solitary confinement in Ghezel Hesar Prison since his arrest, without a clear status. During interrogations, he was beaten by prison officers. He was eventually transferred to a hospital outside the prison and then returned to solitary confinement.”

According to this source, Arabi, who is facing charges of membership in anti-government groups, was recently summoned to attend an interrogation session after receiving a formal notice.

In March 2026, Soheil Arabi was arrested by security forces and transferred to Ghezel Hesar Prison in Karaj.

Soheil Arabi has previously been arrested and faced judicial action due to his activities.

It is worth noting that Soheil Arabi is a blogger and citizen journalist who received the “Press Freedom Award” from Reporters Without Borders in 2017. He has previously faced multiple convictions and legal actions. In 2014, he was sentenced to death by Branch 76 of the Tehran Criminal Court on charges of “insulting the Prophet of Islam” on Facebook. This sentence was later overturned and commuted to other punishments.

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The Bodies of Six Executed Political Prisoners Have Still Not Been Returned to Their Families

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Executions, News, Other
Akbar Daneshvar Kar, Babak Alipour, Ghezel Hesar prison, HRANA, Pouya Ghobadi Bistouni, Seyed Abolhassan Montazer, Seyed Mohammad Taghavi Sang-Dehi, Vahid Bani-Amerian

HRANA – The bodies of six political prisoners executed in Ghezel Hesar Prison, Akbar Daneshvar Kar, Seyed Mohammad Taghavi Sang-Dehi, Babak Alipour, Pouya Ghobadi Bistouni, Seyed Abolhassan Montazer, and Vahid Bani-Amerian, have still not been returned to their families more than a week after their executions. Their families, expressing deep concern, have called for transparent information regarding the fate of their loved ones.

Seyed Abolhassan Montazer and Vahid Bani-Amerian were executed on April 4, Babak Alipour and Pouya Ghobadi Bistouni on March 31, and Akbar Daneshvar-Kar and Seyed Mohammad Taghavi Sang-Dehi on March 30, all in Ghezel Hesar Prison. Despite more than a week having passed, their bodies have still not been handed over to their families. The families are demanding clarification about the status of the bodies and disclosure of their burial locations.

The death sentences for these political prisoners were issued in December 2024 on charges of baghi (“armed rebellion against the regime”) through alleged membership in anti-government groups. The ruling had previously been overturned by the Supreme Court in July 2024, and the case was referred to a parallel branch for retrial. Later, in mid-November 2025, they were retried in Branch 26 of the Tehran Revolutionary Court, presided over by Judge Iman Afshari. Finally, on December 7, 2025, the same branch reissued the death sentences, which were formally communicated to their lawyers.

On February 23, 2024, Seyed Mohammad Taghavi Sang-Dehi and Pouya Ghobadi Bistouni were arrested in Chaldoran County and transferred to Maku Prison. Taghavi Sang-Dehi was later transferred to Evin Prison on March 1, 2024. Vahid Bani-Amerian and Seyed Abolhassan Montazer were arrested by security forces in Tehran in January 2024 and were held for some time in Evin Prison. Akbar Daneshvar Kar had also previously been arrested by security forces and transferred to Evin Prison.

These prisoners were formally charged in late May 2024 at Branch 5 of the Tehran Public and Revolutionary Prosecutor’s Office, and were later transferred in the summer of that year to Ghezel Hesar Prison.

Seyed Abolhassan Montazer and Seyed Mohammad Taghavi Sang-Dehi were political prisoners from the 1980s generation of detainees, while Vahid Bani-Amerian, Pouya Ghobadi Bistouni, and Babak Alipour had also previously faced imprisonment and convictions due to their activism.

January 2026 Protests: Mohammadamin Biglari and Shahin Vahedparast Executed

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Executions, News
Abolfazl Salehi Siavashani, Ali Fahim, Amirhossein Hatami, Ghezel Hesar prison, Mohammadamin Biglari, Shahin Vahedparast

HRANA – The Judiciary’s Media Center announced that the death sentences of Mohammadamin Biglari and Shahin Vahedparast have been carried out after being upheld by the Supreme Court. These political prisoners had been arrested in connection with the January 2026 protests in Tehran and were later sentenced to death by the Tehran Revolutionary Court.

The Judiciary’s Media Center stated that the sentences were carried out at dawn today, April 5, following review of the case and confirmation of the final verdict by the Supreme Court. The judiciary claimed that the two had “entered a military-classified location and, while participating in the destruction and burning of this sensitive site, attempted to gain access to the armory.”

The case was heard in Branch 15 of the Tehran Revolutionary Court, presided over by Judge Abolghasem Salavati, and death sentences had been issued for them on February 7, 2026.

Hassan Aghakhani, one of the privately retained lawyers for Mohammadamin Biglari, had previously pointed to existing ambiguities regarding the alleged “confession” attributed to his client. He said that the court-appointed lawyer at the preliminary stage had informed the family that the defendant had confessed, but the content of this confession, the conditions under which it was obtained, and the related documentation had never been clarified for the privately retained lawyers. He emphasized that attributing this confession to his client is subject to serious doubt.

The case was opened on the evening of January 8, 2026, following a fire at the “185 Martyr Mahmoud Kaveh” Basij base in eastern Tehran. According to reports and videos of forced confessions broadcast by the Islamic Republic’s state television, these individuals had not played a role in the arson or destruction of property at the site; rather, they had merely entered a building that had already been set on fire by others.

Mohammadamin Biglari and Shahin Vahedparast Kaloor, along with Abolfazl Salehi Siavashani, Amirhossein Hatami, and Ali Fahim, who had all been sentenced to death in a joint case, were transferred to solitary confinement cells in Ghezel Hesar Prison in Karaj last Sunday. Following the execution of these two individuals and the execution of Amirhossein Hatami on Thursday, April 2, 2026, concerns have intensified regarding the fate of Abolfazl Salehi Siavashani and Ali Fahim.

According to HRA’s annual report, in 2025, at least 2,488 citizens, including 63 women and 2 juvenile offenders, were executed. Of these, the sentences of 13 individuals were carried out in public. During the same period, 130 others, including 10 women and 1 juvenile offender, were sentenced to death.

After Four Executions, Five Political Prisoners Face Imminent Risk

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Executions, News
Abolfazl Salehi Siavashani, Ali Fahim, Amirhossein Hatami, Ghezel Hesar prison, Mohammad-Amin Biglari, Shahin Vahedparast Kaloor

HRANA – Mohammad-Amin Biglari, Shahin Vahedparast Kaloor, Abolfazl Salehi Siavashani, Amirhossein Hatami, and Ali Fahim, five political prisoners sentenced to death by the Tehran Revolutionary Court in connection with the burning of a Basij base during the January protests of 2026, have been transferred to solitary confinement in Ghezel Hesar Prison. Following the execution of four other political prisoners over the past two days, their transfer has intensified concerns over their fate and the imminent risk that their sentences may be carried out.

On the evening of Sunday this week, a large number of political prisoners in Ghezel Hesar were moved to an undisclosed location, including several political prisoners already sentenced to death.

Only hours after this transfer, the death sentences of Akbar Daneshvar-Kar and Seyed Mohammad Taghavi-Sangdehi, two political prisoners, were carried out. Today, from among the same group of transferred political prisoners, Babak Alipour and Pouya Ghobadi were also executed.

After a period of uncertainty regarding the fate of the remaining transferred prisoners, HRANA has learned that at least five of them have been transferred to solitary cells in Unit 3, Ward 35 of Ghezel Hesar Prison in Karaj.

These individuals had been sentenced to death in a case related to the January 2026 protests. Given the executions of four other political prisoners over the past two days, this transfer has raised serious concerns regarding their fate and the danger of their executions being carried out.

Their case was heard in Branch 15 of the Tehran Revolutionary Court, presided over by Judge Abolqasem Salavati, and on February 7, 2026, death sentences were issued against them.

Hassan Aghakhani, one of the privately retained lawyers for Mohammad-Amin Biglari, had previously pointed to serious ambiguities regarding the alleged “confession” attributed to his client. He stated that the court-appointed lawyer at the preliminary stage had informed the family that the defendant had confessed, but the content of this confession, the conditions under which it was obtained, and the supporting documentation had never been made clear to the defense lawyers. He stressed that attributing this confession to his client is subject to serious doubt.

This case was opened following the events of the evening of January 8, 2026, and the fire at a Basij base in eastern Tehran. According to reports and videos of forced confessions aired by state television, these individuals had not played any role in setting the fire or destroying property at the site, but had merely entered a building that had already been set ablaze by others.

It is worth noting that protests and strikes by shopkeepers and bazaar merchants began on Sunday, December 28, 2025, in Tehran. Within two days, they spread beyond markets and commercial centers. With the participation of students, citizens, and various social groups, these demonstrations became among the most widespread protests in recent years. Following the crackdown by security forces, thousands were killed or injured, and tens of thousands were arrested or summoned by security institutions. For further information, you can refer to HRANA’s comprehensive report titled “Crimson Winter” which documents the first fifty days following the onset of nationwide protests in Iran.

Political Prisoners Babak Alipour and Pouya Ghobadi Executed

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Executions, News
Akbar Daneshvar Kar, Babak Alipour, Ghezel Hesar prison, HRANA, Karaj, Mohammad Taghavi, Pouya Ghobadi

HRANA – The Judiciary Media Center has announced the execution of death sentences against Babak Alipour and Pouya Ghobadi, two political prisoners held in Ghezel Hesar Prison in Karaj, carried out at dawn today, Tuesday, March 31.

According to Mizan, the Judiciary Media Center, the executions were carried out this morning after the sentences had been upheld by the Supreme Court and the defendants’ appeals had been rejected.

The death sentences against Babak Alipour and Pouya Ghobadi, along with four others, had previously been issued on the charge of “baghi” (armed rebellion) through alleged membership in groups opposed to the state. In July of last year, the Supreme Court overturned this ruling and referred the case to a parallel branch for reconsideration.

In November 2025, they were retried in Branch 26 of the Tehran Revolutionary Court, presided over by Judge Iman Afshari. Ultimately, on December 7, 2025, the same branch reissued the death sentences for these political prisoners and formally notified their lawyers.

Regarding Babak Alipour, the Judiciary Media Center has claimed that he had been in contact via cyberspace with one of the “liaisons” of the MEK (People’s Mojahedin Organization of Iran). It alleged that, “at this person’s request to carry out an armed operation, he traveled from Gilan to Tehran and fired a projectile weapon (launcher) at the building of one of the country’s institutions. Of the four launchers used, only two functioned.”

As for Pouya Ghobadi, the same institution claimed that he had also “participated in several terrorist actions under the direction of the MEK.” According to the report, Ghobadi “was in a safe house assembling parts of explosive packages.” It further alleged that he had been in contact with one of the group’s liaisons through Telegram and had intended to illegally cross the border in order to receive the training necessary for conducting operations in Tehran.

Babak Alipour was arrested by security forces in Tehran in autumn 2023. On February 23, 2024, Pouya Ghobadi was also arrested in Chaldoran County and transferred to Maku Prison.

These individuals were formally charged in May 2024 in Branch 5 of the Tehran Public and Revolutionary Prosecutor’s Office, and were later transferred in the summer of that year to Ghezel Hesar Prison in Karaj.

Yesterday, the death sentences of Akbar Daneshvar-Kar and Seyed Mohammad Taghavi-Sangdehi, other defendants in the same case, were also carried out.

According to HRA’s Annual Report, in 2025, at least 2,063 people were executed in Iran. Based on this report, executions increased by 119% compared to 2024.

Nationwide Protests: Arrest of 13 Citizens, Including 8 Teenagers, in Various Cities

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Freedom of Expression, News
Abolfazl Kenari, Ali-Abbas Shamsaei Moghaddam, Amirali Delrooz, Amirhomayoun Romina, Amirhossein Raznahan, Amirsam Heydarian, Arsam Safaei, Ghezel Hesar prison, HRANA, Ilya Nekoouifar, Mehdi Savareh-Ulia, Reza Shoja Mazraji, RGC Intelligence, Sanaz Shah-Hosseini

HRANA – As mass arrests by security forces continue, the identities of 13 detainees arrested in connection with the protests have been confirmed.

Based on information received by HRANA, Sanaz Shah-Hosseini was arrested at her residence in Ekbatan, Tehran, on January 10, 2026, and transferred to Evin Prison. Additionally, Amirsam Heydarian, Amirhossein Raznahan, Arsam Safaei, Ilya Nekoouifar, Amirali Delrooz, Amirhomayoun Romina, Abolfazl Kenari, and Ali-Abbas Shamsaei Moghaddam, eight students under the age of 17, were arrested on February 14, 2026, in Yasuj by agents of the IRGC Intelligence. Mehdi Savareh-Ulia was also arrested on January 8, 2026, in Karaj by IRGC Intelligence agents. He is currently being held in a state of legal limbo in Ghezel Hesar Prison in Karaj.

It should be noted that Mehdi Savareh-Ulia sustained serious injuries to his head and spine due to beatings during his arrest and interrogation. Despite his poor physical condition, he has reportedly been denied medical treatment. He was initially transferred to Ward 16 (security ward) of the Central Prison of Karaj. His arrest was carried out by agents of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).

An informed source close to the families of the eight detained students confirmed the matter to HRANA, stating: “These teenagers were interrogated after their arrest, and judicial cases have been opened against them. So far, no information has been obtained regarding their place of detention.” Meanwhile, the IRGC Fath Intelligence Organization claimed in a statement that the individuals, allegedly operating as an eight-member team, were identified and arrested before taking any destructive action, as they were reportedly attempting to prepare and distribute incendiary materials and Molotov cocktails. However, the statement did not mention the ages or identities of the accused.

The Telegram channel “United Students” also reported the arrest of Ali Parvin and Mohammadamin Soltanzadeh, students at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. According to the report, the two students were arrested on Monday, February 16, by security forces and transferred to an undisclosed location.

In another development, the Telegram channel of the Coordinating Council of Iranian Teachers’ Trade Associations announced the release of a teacher named Reza Shoja Mazraji. According to the report, he was released on February 7, 2026, after posting bail set at 2 billion tomans from one of The Ministry of Intelligence’s detention facilities in Sarakhs. The charges brought against him include assembly and collusion and propaganda against the regime. He had been arrested at his private residence in Sarakhs on January 9, 2026, by security forces.

So far, no information has been obtained regarding the charges against 12 of these individuals.

Among these citizens, Ali Parvin and Mohammadamin Soltanzadeh have previously faced judicial action due to their activities. Sanaz Shah-Hosseini had also been arrested during the nationwide protests of 2022. She was released from Evin Prison after one month at that time.

It is worth noting that gatherings and strikes by shopkeepers and market merchants began on Sunday, December 28, in Tehran and, after two days, spread beyond bazaars and commercial centers. With the participation of students, citizens, and various social groups, these protests became one of the most widespread demonstrations in recent years. Following the crackdown by law enforcement and security forces, thousands were killed or injured, and tens of thousands were arrested or summoned by security institutions. For further information, readers may refer to HRANA’s detailed report on the fiftieth day since the beginning of the protests, published last night.